Epidemiology of colonic diverticula and recent advances in the management of colonic diverticular bleeding

There is the East-West paradox in prevalence and phenotype of colonic diverticula, but colonic diverticular bleeding (CDB) is the most common cause of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding worldwide. Death from CDB can occur in elderly patients with multiple comorbidities, thus the management of CDB is clinically pivotal amid the aging populations in the East and West. Colonoscopy is the key modality for managing the condition appropriately; however, conventional endoscopic hemostasis by thermal coagulation and clipping cannot achieve the expected results of preventing early rebleeding and conversion to intensive intervention by surgery or transcatheter arterial embolization. Ligation therapy by endoscopic band ligation or endoscopic detachable snare ligation has emerged recently to enable more effective hemostasis for CDB, with an early rebleeding rate of approximately 10% and very rare conversion to intensive intervention. Ligation therapy might in turn reduce long-term rebleeding rates by eliminating the target diverticulum itself. Adverse events have been reported with ligation therapy including diverticulitis of the ascending colon in less than 1% of cases and perforation of the sigmoid colon in a few cases, thus more data are necessary to verify the safety of ligation therapy. Endoscopic hemostasis is indicated only for diverticulum with stigmata of recent hemorrhage (SRH), but the detection rates of SRH are relatively low. Therefore, efforts to increase detection are also key for improving CDB management. Urgent colonoscopy and triage by early contrast-enhanced computed tomography may be candidates to increase detection but further data are necessary in order to make a conclusion.     

脑微出血部位和负荷与脑梗死抗血小板治疗的相关分析

目的探讨脑微出血(CMB)发生部位和负荷对脑梗死抗血小板治疗风险及获益的影响。方法选择伴CMB的急性脑梗死患者214例,根据CMB发生部位分为单纯脑叶组39例,深部/幕下组62例,混合部位组113例,随访各组新发脑梗死、脑出血情况,并比较各组治疗前及治疗1年后CMB的变化。结果深部/幕下组既往脑梗死、高血压和糖尿病比例明显高于单纯脑叶组和混合部位组(P<0.05)。混合部位组基线CMB数高于单纯脑叶组和深部/幕下组[(8.69±2.75)个vs(6.65±2.47)个、(6.58±3.17)个,P<0.05]。单纯脑叶组脑出血比例明显高于深部/幕下组和混合部位组(12.8%vs 3.2%、2.7%,P<0.05),且发生脑出血患者中4例基线CMB数>5个。深部/幕下组再发脑梗死比例明显高于单纯脑叶组和混合部位组(24.2%vs 7.7%、9.7%,P<0.05)。3组治疗1年后仅部分患者复查头颅MRI,其中单纯脑叶组28例,深部/幕下组40例,混合部位组56例。单纯脑叶组CMB进展比例明显高于深部/幕下组和混合部位组,差异有统计学意义(35.7%vs 12.5%、10.7%,P<0.05),且病灶以脑叶为主。结论抗血小板治疗风险与CMB部位和负荷相关,单纯脑叶CMB抗血小板治疗的脑出血风险增加,治疗后CMB更易进展。深部/幕下CMB患者脑梗死复发风险更高。     

老年人脑微出血与收缩压晨峰的相关性

目的探讨收缩压晨峰对老年人脑微出血(CMB)的影响。方法 2008年4月~2009年10月于山东省医学科学院心脑血管病防治研究中心选择年龄≥60岁的健康体检的老年人408例。采用24h动态血压监测血压晨峰,根据收缩压晨峰,将受试者分为晨峰组169例[收缩压晨峰≥35mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133kPa)]和非晨峰组239例(收缩压晨峰<35mm Hg)。分别于2008~2009年(基线)、2010~2012年(随访)和2013~2015年(随访)共进行3次头颅MRI检查评估CMB。患者随访39~72(62.04±6.80)个月,将随访与基线比较,有新发CMB定义为CMB进展。用logistic回归分析影响因素,用Kaplan-Meier生存函数曲线分析,用多元Cox生存回归分析。结果晨峰组诊室收缩压、24h平均收缩压、昼间平均收缩压、昼间平均舒张压、收缩压晨峰、舒张压晨峰和LDL-C水平及CMB患病率显著高于非晨峰组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。logistic回归分析在校正相关混杂因素后,晨峰组患CMB的危险显著高于非晨峰组(OR=2.561,95%CI:1.142~5.743,P=0.019)。晨峰组累积CMB进展率显著高于非晨峰组(18.5%vs 7.6%,χ^2=7.954,Plog-rank=0.005)。在校正包括基线有无CMB在内的相关混杂因素后,晨峰组发生CMB进展的风险显著增高,是非晨峰组的2.353倍(95%CI:1.317~3.197,P=0.002)。结论收缩压晨峰是CMB患病及进展的独立危险因素,过高的收缩压晨峰促进老年人CMB的发展。     

泮托拉唑联合吉法酯对经皮冠状动脉介入术后双联抗血小板药物治疗的患者上消化道出血的预防作用研究

目的 探讨泮托拉唑钠肠溶胶囊联合吉法酯片对经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）术后双联抗血小板药物治疗的患者上消化道出血的预防作用。方法 选取2014年10月-2017年10月在西电集团医院行PCI的患者121例作为研究对象,按照入院先后顺序分为两组。对照组在术后第1天开始口服吉法酯片,100 mg/次,3次/d。观察组在对照组的基础上联合泮托拉唑钠肠溶胶囊,40 mg/d。比较两组患者术后6个月内上消化道出血的发生率、心血管不良事件、消化道不良反应和血小板聚集率。结果 术后6个月观察组患者的上消化道出血发生率显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;心血管不良事件发生率两组比较无统计学差异,观察组消化道不良反应发生率显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组患者治疗前后的血小板聚集率相比无统计学差异。结论 泮托拉唑钠肠溶胶囊联合吉法酯片对PCI术后双联抗血小板药物治疗患者上消化道出血具有较好的预防作用,且显著降低消化道不良反应发生率,不增加心血管不良事件发生率,值得临床应用。     

Antibiotic discovery: history,methods and perspectives

Antimicrobial resistance is considered a major public-health issue. Policies recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) include research on new antibiotics. No new class has been discovered since daptomycin and linezolid in the 1980s, and only optimisation or combination of already known compounds has been recently commercialised. Antibiotics are natural products of soil-living organisms. Actinobacteria and fungi are the source of approximately two-thirds of the antimicrobial agents currently used in human medicine; they were mainly discovered during the golden age of antibiotic discovery. This era declined after the 1970s owing to the difficulty of cultivating fastidious bacterial species under laboratory conditions. Various strategies, such as rational drug design, to date have not led to the discovery of new antimicrobial agents. However, new promising approaches, e.g. genome mining or CRISPR-Cas9, are now being developed. The recent rebirth of culture methods from complex samples has, as a matter of fact, permitted the discovery of teixobactin from a new species isolated from soil. Recently, many biosynthetic gene clusters were identified from human-associated microbiota, especially from the gut and oral cavity. For example, the antimicrobial lugdunin was recently discovered in the oral cavity. The repertoire of human gut microbiota has recently substantially increased, with the discovery of hundreds of new species. Exploration of the repertoire of prokaryotes associated with humans using genome mining or newer culture approaches could be promising strategies for discovering new classes of antibiotics.     

产前低水平血浆纤维蛋白原与产后出血的相关性

 目的 探讨阴道分娩孕妇产前低纤维蛋白原( fibrinogen, Fib)水平与产后出血的相关性,为预测产后出血的发生提供依据。方法 选取石家庄市妇幼保健医院产科门诊2017-01至2019-02按期产检、随访的阴道分娩孕妇450例,产前血浆纤维蛋白原(Fib)>3 g/L的孕妇150例为高Fib组;选取300例为产前血浆Fib≤3 g/L的孕妇,随机分为卡前列素氨丁三醇低Fib组和低Fib组,每组150例;卡前列素氨丁三醇低Fib组待胎肩娩出后给予卡前列素氨丁三醇250 mg肌内注射,高Fib组和低Fib组待胎儿一肩娩出后给予缩宫素20 U肌内注射。观察产后出血情况、同时待胎盘娩出后检测产后Fib水平。结果 低Fib组产后出血15例(10.0%);卡前列素氨丁三醇低Fib组产后出血8例(5.33%);高Fib组产后出血2例(1.33%),三组产后出血发生情况比较,差异有统计学意义(P=0.005);卡前列素氨丁三醇低Fib组较低Fib组产后出血量明显减少[(399.00±158.10)ml vs (512.67±175.49)ml],但仍多于高Fib组(281.00±10.39)ml,三组对比差异有统计学意义 (P=0.000),高Fib组和卡前列素氨丁三醇低Fib组产前、产后Fib水平比较差异无统计学意义;低Fib组产后Fib水平较产前明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P=0.002)。结论 产前低水平Fib使产后出血发生率增高,其原因可能与产后Fib明显降低有关,因此产前低水平Fib可做为发生产后出血的预测指标。     

致命性大出血急救护理专家共识(2019)

介入技术飞速发展改变了传统出血疾病的救治体系,使得很多过去不可控或难治的致命性大出血变得可控、可治。国内"出血中心"建设成立,开启了以介入、急诊等多学科团队协作的出血急救新模式,也对致命性大出血急救护理实践提出了更高的要求。然而,目前我国仍缺乏相关护理规范。为此,中国研究型医院学会出血专业委员会和中国出血中心联盟牵头组织国内相关护理专家,就致命性大出血急救护理达成专家共识,对大出血常见类型、患者紧急护理评估、急救护理要点、效果评价以及出血中心护理急救处置流程等进行了初步论述,旨在为临床相关护理实践提供指导和参考,提高出血救治成功率,促进医疗安全。     

创伤性肝、脾、肾破裂出血的介入治疗

目的探讨介入栓塞治疗应用于创伤性肝、脾、肾破裂出血患者的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析莆田市第一医院介入血管外科2016年2月—2018年2月介入栓塞治疗腹腔实质性脏器破裂出血患者共101例,患者术前均经腹部CT、彩超确诊为腹腔脏器挫裂伤出血。其中肝破裂组32例,男性20例,女性12例;年龄5~82岁,平均35.9岁;道路交通伤25例,坠落或摔伤3例,暴力性创伤2例和刀刺伤2例。脾破裂组45例,男性36例,女性9例;年龄16~85岁,平均45.6岁;道路交通伤20例,坠落或摔伤18例和暴力性创伤7例。肾破裂组24例,男性21例,女性3例;年龄18~71岁,平均40.6岁;道路交通伤16例,坠落或摔伤5例和暴力性创伤3例。介入时机为经内科非手术治疗无效,生命体征相对稳定,不能或不愿接受外科手术治疗。记录所有出血患者的术中造影情况、止血成功率和术后手术相关并发症情况。结果(1)肝破裂组:30例造影发现出血灶,余2例发现可疑出血灶。30例(93.8%)术后止血成功;术后出现肝区疼痛15例、发热5例、肝功能损害10例。(2)脾破裂组:41例造影发现出血灶,余4例造影发现可疑出血灶。42例(93.3%)术后止血成功;术后出现脾区疼痛22例、发热11例。(3)肾破裂组:24例造影均发现出血灶。23例(95.8%)术后止血成功,1例术后1 d再发肾出血,再次行栓塞治疗后好转;术后出现患侧肾区酸胀疼痛12例,发热4例。结论介入栓塞治疗应用于创伤性腹腔脏器破裂出血患者安全、有效,值得临床推广应用。